March 2025
http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2025-0004
Authors:
Małgorzata Krajewska
Nicolaus Copernicus College
Ewa Siemińska
Nicolaus Copernicus College
Izabela Rącka
Calisia College – Kalisz Poland
Kinga Szopińska
Bydgoszcz College of Science and Know-how
Ivo Kostov
College of Economics Varna
PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION IN THE RESIDENTIAL
REAL ESTATE MARKET
Małgorzata Krajewska1, Ewa Siemińska2, Izabela Rącka3*, Kinga Szopińska1, Ivo Kostov4
1. Division of Geodesy, Spatial Administration and Actual Property, Bydgoszcz College of Science and Know-how, 7 prof.
S. Kaliskiego Av., 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland, (MK) e-mail: malgorzata.krajewska@pbs.edu.pl, ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8541-2295; (KS) e-mail: okay.szopinska@pbs.edu.pl, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2702-936X
2. Division of Funding and Actual Property, Nicolaus Copernicus College in Toruń, ul. Gagarina 11, 87-100 Toruń,
Poland, e-mail: ewahsiem@umk.pl, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8885-0338
3. Institute of Social Sciences, College of Kalisz, ul. Nowy Świat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland, e-mail:
i.racka@uniwersytetkaliski.edu.pl, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2344-0901
4. Division of Enterprise, Funding, Actual Property, College of Economics – Varna, 77 Kniaz Boris I Blvd., 9002 Varna,
Bulgaria, e-mail: i.kostov@ue-varna.bg, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5623-471X
* Corresponding creator
Summary
Persistent housing shortages and escalating housing funding prices in quite a few international locations drive the seek for applied sciences that allow sooner, cost-effective housing improvement. Prefabrication expertise has emerged as a promising resolution, which allows buildings to be constructed in considerably shorter timeframes in comparison with conventional strategies. This method makes use of prefabricated structural components manufactured in managed manufacturing unit settings, resulting in a considerable discount within the carbon footprint related to the development course of.
This research focuses on two main targets: 1) Figuring out the important thing components for integrating prefabricated building expertise into the multifamily housing market, particularly throughout the framework of sustainable improvement insurance policies and the rising housing hole, and a couple of) Analyzing purchaser preferences to evaluate their openness towards prefabricated building within the multifamily residential market. Identification of the determinants of the implementation of prefabricated expertise was carried out based mostly on complete literature evaluation and critique of supply paperwork. Moreover, purchaser choice surveys have been carried out amongst residents in post-communist Central and Jap European international locations (Poland, Bulgaria, and Ukraine).
Prefabrication in building entails producing
structural components or constructing modules in managed
manufacturing unit settings, that are later transported and
assembled on-site. Tracing again to antiquity, early
types of prefabrication have been seen when Roman
builders utilized composite supplies, resembling
trendy concrete, made out of lime, gypsum, water,
stone mixture, and volcanic ash from Vesuvius. A
important milestone in prefabrication was the invention of recent concrete utilizing Portland cement in
1824 and the primary use of bolstered concrete
elements, initially for mesh-reinforced flowerpots
by the top gardener of Paris. Le Corbusier’s 1914
Dom-Ino Home design marked one other advance,
proposing a three-level construction with rectangular
concrete slabs supported by slender columns. Though
unrealized, this idea impressed future architects
(Rybarczyk, 2022; Runkiewicz et al., 2020). All through
the twentieth century, prefabrication primarily superior in France, Sweden, and Finland (Borek & Szulc, 2022).
In Poland, the primary prefabrication plant was
established in 1897 in Białe Błota, close to Bydgoszcz,
which nonetheless operates at this time. The height of prefabrication in
Poland was throughout the Seventies and Nineteen Eighties, enabling the
annual building of over 250,000 housing models
(283,600 in 1978) by way of mass prefabrication
expertise. The massive panel prefabrication system
supplied sensible benefits, permitting the
implementation of standardized techniques, just like the WUF-
T or OWT-67, which used typical prefabricated
components for environment friendly, uniform buildings fitted to
speedy and inexpensive building (Cholewicki &
Derkowski, 2014). Many different international locations adopted
comparable strategies to develop housing shares rapidly and
enhance housing situations. You will need to observe,
nevertheless, that the first intention of prefabricated
building throughout this era was to maximise the
variety of housing models, usually on the expense of
high quality. Haste, persistent shortages of satisfactory high quality
constructing supplies, and poor-quality set up and
ending work on the development website led to quite a few
defects, together with poor sound and vitality insulation.
Building conglomerates, or “home factories,”
producing prefabricated components for residential
buildings, operated in Poland till the late twentieth
century. Building conglomerates have been
producers of prefabricated components – so known as
giant panels – and the primary builders of residential
complexes in Poland throughout the Seventies and Nineteen Eighties.
Home factories are “vegetation producing components for the
speedy meeting of buildings”. Throughout this era,
prefabrication expertise additionally expanded into different
building sectors, particularly industrial and
business buildings sectors (PWN, 2024).
Experiences from Belgium, France, Germany,
Sweden, the UK, and Japan point out that
prefabrication expertise continues to advance,
delivering subtle, useful, and sturdy
options that usually transcend primary structural
elements, offering ready-to-use modules with
full utility infrastructure (heating, plumbing,
water, and electrical techniques). Prefabricated models can
be rapidly assembled on-site and, after use, could be
disassembled and relocated. Globally, prefabrication
expertise is employed in numerous tasks, with giant
panel prefabrication techniques seeing a revival. This pattern
is obvious in international locations worldwide, from Canada and the
United States to the UK, Germany,
Kazakhstan, and Singapore. In Russia, prefabrication
primarily helps inexpensive housing, whereas in some developed international locations, it is usually utilized to unique
properties (Albus, 2018).
The housing hole is a persistent world problem.
One method to addressing this subject is to make use of cost-
efficient and/or time-efficient applied sciences, resembling
prefabrication. Nonetheless, public notion considerably
impacts its improvement. Subsequently, many researchers
contend that governments ought to prioritize selling
prefabrication expertise amongst builders and
present monetary help to their tasks reasonably than
helping homebuyers immediately. Builders, in flip, can
lead efforts to familiarize and interact purchasers with
prefabricated building (Dixon-Ogbechi &
Adebayo, 2020). In Korea, prefabricated homes are
usually related to low-cost container housing,
making a damaging notion. Nonetheless, this view is
mistaken, as prefabricated buildings, whereas extra
inexpensive and sooner to assemble, meet established
requirements and differ markedly from low-end housing.
Efforts to help prefabricated building in Korea
are superior not solely at a nationwide degree but in addition by the
governments of Australia and New Zealand (Yoo, 2015).
In India, public notion of prefabricated
building high quality is much less impactful because of the
nation’s important housing scarcity and the poor
dwelling situations confronted by a lot of the inhabitants. This
state of affairs prompted the Indian authorities’s “Housing
for All” initiative, focusing on the development of 20
million inexpensive public housing models to deal with the
housing wants of the city poor, together with slum
residents (Chippagiri et al., 2021). In Ghana, the place the
inhabitants has grown almost fivefold over the previous 60
12 months, therefore creating important challenges, particularly
in making certain satisfactory housing, the state has formulated
housing insurance policies that embody fostering new sustainable
building applied sciences, together with prefabricated
buildings (Ministry of Works and Housing, Republic of
Ghana, 2015). Social and financial challenges,
nevertheless, proceed to complicate housing initiatives in
Ghana, with middle-income residents displaying curiosity
in prefabricated homes provided that they’re cheaper,
faster to construct, and of upper high quality (Essienyi, 2011).
Japan additionally sees robust curiosity in prefabricated
building because of the necessity for speedy housing
reconstruction within the wake of frequent earthquakes.
The 2011 Nice East Japan Earthquake (GEJE)
exemplifies the harm that pure disasters can
trigger, having triggered a tsunami that destroyed the
Fukushima nuclear plant. Eight years after the catastrophe,
roughly 52,000 individuals have been nonetheless trying to find
new homes, with the quantity now round 20,000.
Japan is now dealing with not solely restoration from GEJE, however
additionally preparations for future large-scale disasters and
the speedy restore of disaster-related harm, which
consists of the event of fast prefabricated
building options (Shiozaki, 2018). Within the United
Kingdom, research point out that resistance to
prefabricated housing tasks is basically resulting from
earlier large-scale, standardized prefabrication
makes an attempt. Purchasers are extra involved with the ultimate
product end result than the expertise itself (Laing et
al., 2001; Maslova & Burgess, 2023).
Therefore, the targets of this research are: 1) Figuring out
the important thing components for integrating prefabricated
building expertise into the multifamily housing
market, particularly throughout the framework of sustainable
improvement insurance policies and the rising housing hole,
and a couple of) Analyzing purchaser preferences to evaluate their
openness towards prefabricated building within the
multifamily residential market. Identification of the
determinants of the implementation of prefabricated
expertise was carried out based mostly on complete
literature evaluation and critique of supply paperwork.
Moreover, purchaser choice surveys have been carried out amongst residents in post-communist Central and
Jap European international locations (Poland, Bulgaria, and
Ukraine). The survey was carried out in 2019, the final
12 months of stability earlier than the affect of unpredictable
socio-economic occasions such because the COVID-19
pandemic and the armed battle in Ukraine. These
occasions considerably disrupted the true property market in
Central and Jap Europe and shifted perceptions of
residential properties amongst potential consumers.
2. Materials and strategies
Addressing the analysis downside and reaching the
targets concerned a number of steps, illustrated in Determine 1.
Figuring out the determinants of the implementation of
prefabricated expertise within the multifamily residential
actual property market required a complete evaluation of
the professionals and cons of prefabricated building and an
analysis of its feasibility throughout the framework of
sustainable improvement and the widening housing
hole in Europe. This was completed utilizing the tactic of
analyzing and critiquing supply paperwork from
publicly out there supply databases and scientific
publications.
Fig. 1. Scheme of the analysis. Supply: personal research.
The examination of purchaser preferences relating to the
acceptance of prefabricated housing within the multifamily
market relied on a survey, focusing on information assortment
from chosen respondents. Carried out in 2019 throughout
three Central and Jap European international locations, i.e.
Bulgaria, Poland, and Ukraine – the survey represented
the final interval of stability earlier than unexpected socio-
financial occasions, such because the COVID-19 pandemic and
the armed battle in Ukraine, which considerably impacted the true property market in Central and Jap
Europe and altered public perceptions of residential
properties.
The survey utilized a custom-designed
questionnaire with closed-ended questions, together with
an introductory part explaining the research’s goal
and completion directions. It contained two closed-
ended questions on residential property consumers’
preferences and 5 demographic survey questions, offering insights into the respondents’ demographic,
social, financial, and locational traits. The
research group was deliberately chosen to allow an
evaluation of purchaser preferences based mostly on nationality.
The selection of nations for the research was deliberate.
Poland, Bulgaria and Ukraine are post-socialist
international locations positioned in Central and Jap Europe, the place
prefabricated multifamily residential building noticed
important improvement within the second half of the twentieth
century. A quota sampling methodology (purposeful, non-
random sampling) was used to pick respondents. The
survey pattern mirrored the gender and age
distribution of the research space’s residents. The choice
of survey respondents and the shortage of structural
variations allowed the research to be consultant of
the final inhabitants.
The survey questionnaire was disseminated
electronically as a web based survey, with hyperlinks despatched by way of
distant communication channels. Relating to
confidentiality, the survey was carried out
anonymously, with respondents finishing the
questionnaire independently. Accomplished
questionnaires have been checked for correct completion
(incomplete responses have been excluded) after which
digitized. Knowledge evaluation allowed for his or her presentation
and the drawing of conclusions.
3.1. Implementation of prefabrication: benefits
and drawbacks
Building prefabrication expertise has developed
into three main sorts: 1D prefabrication –
characterised by single prefabricated bolstered
concrete and metal components, resembling footings and sill
plates, columns, beams, and so forth., used primarily in timber
body building; 2D prefabrication – a panel system
that generally consists of prefabricated partitions, flooring,
stairs, balconies, and whole roof trusses assembled on-
website, particularly used within the giant panel system and high-
rise housing; and 3D prefabrication – modular
building with giant, ready-to-assemble modules
usually product of metal and timber, comprising a minimum of
flooring, ceilings, partitions, utilities, and pre-installed joinery
(Sulik & Zawiślak, 2021). Modular expertise is
at the moment non-standardized, as every producer makes use of
proprietary techniques. Moreover, trendy 3D printing
permits for the manufacturing of prefabricated elements,
usually comprising total constructing flooring or segments,
considerably decreasing each building time and prices.
Knowledgeable evaluation estimates that Poland’s heavy
concrete prefabrication market – together with footings, sill
plates, columns, beams, and stairs produced by the 50
largest producers – was valued at roughly
3.5 billion PLN in 2021, exceeding 3.8 billion PLN in
2023 and projected to achieve shut to five billion PLN by
2025 (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. The marketplace for heavy concrete prefabrication in Poland. Supply: Spectis (2024).
Modular prefabricated building provides a considerable time benefit over conventional strategies (research recommend time financial savings of as much as 50%), translating
immediately into decrease prices and sooner returns on
investments. Beneath is an in depth comparability of further benefits and drawbacks that may
affect an investor’s alternative of the development
methodology (Desk 1).
Desk 1
| Benefits and drawbacks of modular prefabricated building | |
|---|---|
| Benefits | Disadvantages |
| Fast mission completion (building in prefabricated expertise is roughly twice as quick as conventional strategies). | Joint sturdiness is usually decrease than the prefabricated components themselves. |
| Minimized on-site moist processes, decreasing building time. | Complexity of meeting. |
| Diminished weather-related building delays. | Requirement for expert staff and fixed supervision for on-site connection works. |
| Functionality to include superior methods, resembling prestressing of metal buildings and concrete. | Quite a few “weak spots” at materials junctions, requiring thermal bridge elimination and sealing. |
| Flexibility for distinctive architectural designs, significantly with 3D printing. | Logistics are difficult—transporting giant components to the location could be expensive and complicated. |
| Precision and consistency in building components. | Planning and design phases require important time funding. |
| Enhanced accuracy, tough to attain with conventional strategies, decreasing discrepancies between contractual and precise ground space. | Price focus inside a brief timeframe. |
| Enhanced high quality of components by way of steady monitoring of manufacturing phases. | Restricted design flexibility resulting from modular constraints. |
| Diminished labour demand, thus reducing building prices (roughly 6% decrease than comparable masonry constructions). | Lack of risk for particular person adjustments within the useful structure of the flats. |
| Price-effectiveness of system building. | |
| Fast disassembly on the finish of the constructing’s lifecycle. | |
| Environmental advantages—recycling alternatives and repurposing manufacturing waste in new prefabricated components. | |
Supply: personal research
The listed options of prefabricated building, in
phrases of benefits and drawbacks, immediately
define the components for its software. Primarily based on the
choice standards {that a} given mission goals to attain
(for instance, a shorter or longer completion timeline; a
excessive or low normal of workmanship; whether or not it’s a
advanced of buildings or a single supplementary
construction; whether or not there are funding limitations or not),
the investor makes the suitable choice.
Prefabricated building must also be assessed
throughout the context of recent different constructing
strategies, significantly these centered on environmental
sustainability. The expertise of prefabricated
supplies is being developed alongside efforts to seek out
new supplies which might be each cost-effective and energy-
environment friendly. Shifting a part of the development course of to
factories permits for managed materials utilization, decreased
vitality consumption, and a decrease CO₂ footprint.
3.2. Improvement of prefabrication in the context
of sustainable improvement
Lots of some great benefits of prefabrication outlined
above align with the rules of sustainable
improvement, significantly the purpose of reaching zero-
emission buildings, according to the European Inexperienced
Deal – Match for 55 Bundle (European Council, 2024; PWC,
2022) and the round financial system mannequin. The
building sector is among the most emission-intensive industries, answerable for important
environmental air pollution and the extreme, irreversible
consumption and degradation of the planet’s most
priceless assets, together with water (European Council
for an Power Environment friendly Financial system, 2024). This useful resource
consumption impacts all phases of a constructing’s lifecycle,
from design and building by way of to utilization and
eventual decommissioning. Subsequently, aiming first for a
important discount and finally for the elimination
of the carbon footprint (decarbonization) of constructing
assets throughout their lifecycle (Life Cycle Evaluation –
LCA) requires addressing this discount at two ranges
(ISO, 2006; PKN, 2014): the embodied carbon footprint,
in regards to the manufacturing of constructing supplies and
building on-site, and the operational carbon
footprint, related to the constructing’s utilization section.
Given the advanced, multi-tiered, and multi-
stakeholder chain of cooperative hyperlinks concerned within the
building and operation of buildings, these
decarburization efforts entail a fancy means of
figuring out and measuring the entire carbon footprint,
involving the evaluation of CO₂ emissions throughout the
total worth chain of a given constructing. That is at the moment
being applied by main entities within the
building and actual property sectors. Two important
areas associated to building and prefabrication
expertise needs to be thought of: the design and
building of recent buildings, and the modification of current belongings. The previous space is comparatively properly
understood and utilized in apply, particularly within the
business actual property sector (workplace buildings,
warehouses, retail areas, and so forth.), contrasting with the
residential sector, the place – in keeping with information from the
Statistics Poland (GUS) on the development strategies
utilized in residential buildings in recent times—
prefabrication expertise is employed on a minimal
scale (Fig. 3).
A significantly larger effort will likely be required to
deal with the emissions from the in depth inventory of
current buildings, which will likely be undertaken throughout the
scope of the aforementioned Life Cycle Evaluation –
LCA, as highlighted by quite a few consultants, together with
these from the World Inexperienced Constructing Council (2022;
2023a; 2023b; 2024).
This subject is of specific significance, because it impacts a
huge variety of buildings and residential models.
Preliminary findings from the 2021 Nationwide Census of
Inhabitants and Housing point out that Poland incorporates
15.34 million housing models throughout roughly 6.95
million buildings, of which 6.36 million are single-family
homes and 558.4 thousand are multi-unit buildings. In
multi-unit buildings, there have been 8.61 million housing
models, with almost 4 million of those, housing
roughly 12 million individuals, constructed utilizing giant panel
prefabricated system (2D) (Statistics Poland, 2022).
In response to JLL consultants, as much as 97% of current
buildings in Poland require substantial modernization
to considerably cut back or absolutely remove their carbon
footprint (JLL, 2023) (Fig. 4).
Fig. 3. Construction of the variety of residential buildings constructed in Poland from 2018 to 2022 by building methodology (models). Supply: personal
research based mostly on the Statistics Poland (2023).
Fig. 4. Age construction of housing inventory in chosen cities in Poland (%). Supply: personal research based mostly on JLL (2023).
3.3. Improvement of prefabrication in the context
of housing wants
Ongoing unmet housing wants and rising housing
funding prices encourage the exploration and software of applied sciences that permit for speedy and
economically viable residential building. In Central
and Jap European international locations, from the top of World
Warfare II till the late Nineteen Eighties and early Nineteen Nineties, the area’s
panorama shifted from rural to city, with the
proportion of the inhabitants dwelling in city areas
growing by about half beneath central planning
(Szymańska & Matczak 2002, pp. 39–40). Governments
in these international locations sought to bridge the housing hole
primarily by using giant panel prefabrication
system. Nonetheless, over time it grew to become evident that the
so-called “home factories,” which produced giant
prefabricated components for residential buildings, had
not been modernized, and enormous panel system
buildings ceaselessly had defects (resembling utilizing much less
efficient substitutes for specified supplies, errors in
technological options, poor high quality of prefabricated
components, harm throughout transport and storage,
building flaws, and so forth.). Housing coverage due to this fact prioritized amount over building high quality (Rącka,
2013).
The housing scarcity was not resolved earlier than the
political transition. Very like Western Europe, Central
and Jap Europe nonetheless faces the problem of the
housing scarcity, or the so-called housing hole
(Sobolewski & Zatryb 2024) (Determine 5). It’s important to
assemble inexpensive housing, which is essential for
addressing the disaster in upkeep prices. An absence of
accessible housing can result in housing insecurity,
insufficient dwelling situations, monetary pressure, and even
homelessness. International locations significantly vulnerable to
overcrowding embody Albania, Montenegro,
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey, and, to a lesser
extent, Bulgaria and Poland (Determine 6). In these
international locations, the overcrowding price amongst individuals dwelling
under 60% of median equivalized earnings exceeds 40%,
whereas the long-term purpose is a price of 6%, reflecting the
common of the very best European indicators on this space.
Fig. 5. Overcrowding price in EU international locations. Supply: (Eurostat, 2022).
Fig. 6. Overcrowding price within the EU amongst individuals dwelling under 60%
of median equivalized earnings. Supply: Lafortune et al. (2024).
The primary clearly seen subject is that the prevailing
prefabricated inventory, constructed within the Seventies and Nineteen Eighties, now
requires renovation. The gradual improve in technical
necessities and life-style adjustments have made pre-
transition panel buildings outdated by way of each
building (exterior partitions, roofs, window and door
openings, techniques) and performance (Sobolewski &
Zatryb, 2024). Older prefabricated buildings have a
restricted structural lifespan and require structural
stabilization, insulation of exterior partitions, widening of
openings, and upgrades to techniques according to present
vitality effectivity necessities (Minarovičová &
Menďan, 2013). Power inefficient assets are discovered not solely in CEE international locations, but in addition in Western Europe,
e.g. in Italy, e.g. within the Lombardy area, the place extra
than 60% of the prevailing constructing inventory has been constructed
earlier than the 70s. (Salvalai et al., 2017). One other urgent
subject is the housing deficit, which is growing amongst
the poorer segments of the inhabitants.
Addressing the housing hole requires low-cost and
quick-turnaround housing that may meet the housing
wants of the poorest populations. Trendy
prefabricated buildings use lighter supplies and have
a smaller environmental affect than standard
buildings, each by way of air pollution and the
consumption of non-renewable pure assets (Tavares & Freire, 2022; Mao et al., 2013). Some
researchers argue that conventional home building
strategies are inefficient and don’t meet the standard
expectations of governments and society (Zhang,
2012). That is at the moment a controversial perspective, as
prefabricated building shouldn’t be efficient for particular person
tasks, however could also be perceived utterly otherwise
by governments (together with native ones) within the case of
repeatable tasks, wherein the size impact makes
such investments extremely worthwhile. Nonetheless,
researchers usually level out that prefabricated
building can successfully deal with the challenges
dealing with the development sector. Implementing these
modern options can allow the business to
contribute to optimistic change and help sustainable
improvement (Narváez et a., 2024).
3.4. Consumers’ preferences – survey findings
The financial viability of prefabricated applied sciences
doesn’t all the time affect potential consumers’ choices
when selecting a flat. It has been famous that in Central
and Jap European international locations, in addition to within the United
Kingdom, prefabrication remains to be related to giant
panel system buildings, evoking perceptions of low
high quality and uniformity (Egedy, 2000; Shahpari, 2020).
Because of this, this research goals to establish purchaser preferences
by assessing their openness to incorporating
prefabricated building throughout the multi-family
residential property market. To realize this purpose, a
survey was carried out in Central and Jap European
international locations (Poland, Bulgaria, Ukraine) in 2019 amongst
people fascinated by buying a flat, with 805
respondents finishing the questionnaire. The
analysis was carried out till the pandemic, and it was
not continued because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine,
which utterly adjustments the Ukrainian consumers’
perspective and due to this fact the info obtained within the
research wouldn’t be comparable. As well as, the
Ukrainian authorities and ministries have been
working to outline the rules of reconstruction, and
in reference to their plans to entry the EU, these
rules should meet European standards, resembling vitality
effectivity of buildings and the European Inexperienced Deal –
Match for 55 rules. The questionnaire included two
questions: 1. Do you worth a flat in a standard multifamily constructing greater than a comparable flat in a
prefabricated constructing (block of flats) positioned within the
identical space? 2. Which constructing expertise do you
think about most fascinating when shopping for a flat? Please rank
the applied sciences from least to most fascinating. The
survey outcomes are introduced in Determine 7 (query 1) and
Determine 8 (query 2).
Responses to the primary query confirmed variation
based mostly on respondents’ nation of residence. Bulgarians
confirmed a reluctance to pay a premium for residences in
prefabricated housing estates, which are sometimes
related to socialist-era building. This can be
because of the extremely urbanized nature of Bulgarian
housing estates, the place areas are densely constructed up and,
regardless of being outfitted with retail, service, and public
amenities, there’s a noticeable lack of open public
areas. Moreover, Bulgarian building has not
invested in modern, trendy prefabricated options.
Because of this, respondents affiliate prefabrication
expertise completely with post-socialist period
building.
In Poland, nevertheless, there may be much less tendency to
devalue post-socialist housing. Respondents
respect the standard of the city areas the place
prefabricated residential buildings have been developed:
designed in keeping with the city and architectural
rules of the time, these housing estates have been
supposed as open areas to satisfy residents’ social and
financial wants, outfitted with service infrastructure
(outlets, service factors, together with public companies:
faculties, clinics, libraries), social amenities (group
golf equipment), and sports activities facilities (sports activities fields, sports activities halls).
The alternative pattern exists for brand new gated estates, as
Poles clearly favor open areas and, due to this fact, usually are not
inclined to pay a premium for brand new flats in enclosed
enclaves in comparison with these in open areas. In Bulgaria,
nevertheless, such gated flats are seen as value a better
value, linked to residents’ elevated sense of safety in
gated estates. In comparison with different EU international locations,
Bulgarian residents view their environment as much less secure,
with almost one in 5 reporting crime of their
neighborhood (Eurostat, 2022). Against this, residents in
Poland really feel very safe of their localities (Poland’s crime
price per 100,000 residents is among the lowest within the
EU).
Fig. 7. Preferences for housing property sorts in chosen CEE international locations. Supply: personal research.
Fig. 8. Preferences for housing property sorts in chosen CEE international locations. Supply: personal research.
Survey outcomes from Ukraine are tougher to
interpret. Typically, Ukrainians (in surveys carried out
earlier than the battle) have been prepared to pay extra for residences in any
sort of constructing, with the best premiums declared
for residences in organized, open estates, which in Ukraine are
usually prefabricated. Importantly, nevertheless, Ukraine is
characterised by excessive ranges of housing deprivation and
low housing affordability. Even earlier than the battle, Ukraine
was marked by property costs that have been unaffordable
for almost all, particularly in main cities. Given the
unmet housing wants, Ukrainians seem much less selective
than respondents in different CEE international locations and, supplied
they’d the buying energy, would purchase any
out there flat (Fig. 7).
The second query aimed to establish which
building expertise was most fascinating amongst
respondents. In Poland and Bulgaria, essentially the most
fascinating buildings have been these constructed utilizing
conventional strategies after 1990. The least fascinating have been
pre-war and prefabricated buildings (Fig. 8). Evaluation
confirmed that in Ukraine, the least fascinating building
sort was pre-war, related to very low high quality,
whereas prefabricated giant panel system buildings
weren’t seen as negatively as within the different analyzed
international locations. A robust indicator of those findings is the
excessive demand for residences in Consolation City, a 40-hectare
post-industrial district in Kyiv. This low-cost mission was
developed by the Ukrainian structure agency
Archimatika. The property was comprehensively designed
– residents have entry to outlets, kindergartens,
faculties, eating amenities, a library, a fitness center, a swimming
pool, and public areas. The blocks of flats are
prefabricated buildings made up of modules with
pitched roofs, painted in pastel colours. This district has
recorded the best variety of property gross sales in
Ukraine. Earlier than the escalation of the battle in Ukraine and
Russia’s invasion in 2022, Consolation City was residence to
almost 20,000 residents (Bortolotti, 2022).
4. Conclusions
Within the face of the continued local weather and vitality disaster,
growing focus is being positioned on building and its
environmental affect, in addition to on figuring out
efficient measures to attain the European Union’s
formidable purpose of Local weather Neutrality by 2050. Many
consultants stress that building should endure a
basic transformation to attenuate its
environmental affect. With out radical corrective
measures, this sector is predicted to double its complete
carbon footprint by 2060. Carbon dioxide discount
and environmental initiatives have thus change into important enterprise imperatives for local weather safety,
focusing on all market gamers, together with firms,
organizations, cities, and native authorities (Siemińska,
2023; Masood et al., 2021; Jia et al., 2021).
This pattern aligns more and more with the expansion of
prefabrication expertise in building, particularly:
1) The expertise of prefabricated supplies is
being developed alongside efforts to seek out new
supplies which might be each cost-effective and
energy-efficient.
2) This type of building is already properly
established, with annual progress within the
manufacturing of heavy concrete prefabrication
merchandise in Poland. Nonetheless, this progress has but
to translate into a better adoption of this
expertise in residential building.
3) In Western Europe, in addition to in Asian international locations
and the USA, prefabricated
building is significantly extra widespread than
in Central and Jap Europe. In response to
Deluxe Modular 84% of recent single-family
homes in Sweden are constructed utilizing prefabrication
expertise (primarily with timber elements),
whereas the proportion is 5% within the USA, 9% in
Germany, 20% within the Netherlands, and 28% in
Japan.
4) The low utilization of modular prefabrication in
Poland and Bulgaria, significantly in residential
developments, could stem from a damaging
notion of this kind of building,
related in each international locations with post-socialist
structure. Survey findings recommend that
Ukrainians held a extra lenient view of this kind
of building, showing much less selective within the
context of unmet housing wants (the survey was
carried out earlier than the battle) than respondents
from different CEE international locations. With ample
buying energy, they’d purchase any out there
flat.
Moreover, prefabricated building, much like
modular building, might play a vital function in
rebuilding housing or service infrastructure destroyed
by warfare or pure disasters (such because the floods in
Central European international locations in 2024, together with Poland,
the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, and
Austria), because of the pace with which buildings could be
erected from pre-manufactured elements.
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